National Geographic Megastructures

Sears Tower Megastructure Documentary Download
Willis Tower (formerly named, but still commonly referred to as, Sears Tower) is a 108-story, 1451-foot (442 m) skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois. At the time of its completion in 1974, it was the tallest building in the world, surpassing the World Trade Center towers in New York, and it held this rank for nearly 25 years. The Willis Tower is the tallest building in the United States and the fifth-tallest freestanding structure in the world, as well as the fifth tallest building in the world to the roof.

For 20 years, the Sears Tower held the record for the world’s tallest building. Completed in 1974, the 108 stories high building is almost half a kilometer tall. And it still holds the record for having the world’s highest antenna. John Zils, structural engineer and designer of this mega-structure shares some of the secrets about the tower. And get a behind-the-scenes look at some of the various systems and controls that are vital to the building, like security monitoring, the elevators, and the water and power distribution to the various levels, and even the machines that cleans the windows.

Although Sears' naming rights expired in 2003, the building continued to be called Sears Tower for several years. In March 2009 London-based insurance broker Willis Group Holdings, Ltd., agreed to lease a portion of the building and obtained the building's naming rights. On July 16, 2009, the building was officially renamed Willis Tower.

At 1,482.6 feet (451.9 m) tall, including decorative spires, the Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, laid claim to replacing the Sears Tower as the tallest building in the world in 1998. Not everyone agreed, and in the ensuing controversy four different categories of "tallest building" were created. Of these, Petronas was the tallest in one category (height to top of architectural elements, meaning spires but not antennas).

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Channel Tunnel

The Channel Tunnel ( is a 50.5-kilometre (31.4 mi) undersea rail tunnel linking Folkestone, Kent in the United Kingdom with Coquelles, Pas-de-Calais near Calais in northern France beneath the English Channel at the Strait of Dover. At its lowest point, it is 75 metres (250 ft) deep.^[3][4][5] At 37.9 kilometres (23.5 mi), the Channel Tunnel possesses the longest undersea portion of any tunnel in the world, although the Seikan Tunnel in Japan is both longer overall at 53.85 kilometres (33.46 mi), and deeper at 240 metres (790 ft) below sea level. A tunnel connecting Britain and France has been an engineering holy grail since the early 19th century. The first attempt at a tunnel excavation began in 1880, but the project was abandoned soon after and workings lay dormant for a hundred years.

In 1988, international treaties were signed and once more excavation work began in earnest.

At 50km from Kent to Normandy, with a full 39km passing 40m under the English Channel seabed, the Channel Tunnel is the world’s longest marine subway.

Eleven tunnel boring machines, working from both sides of the Channel, cut through chalk marl to construct two railtunnels and a service tunnel. The vehicle shuttle terminals are at Cheriton (part of Folkestone) and Coquelles, and are connected to the British and French motorways (M20 and A16 respectively).

Tunnelling commenced in 1988 , and the tunnel began operating in 1994. In 1985 prices, the total construction cost was £4.650 billion (equivalent to £11 billion today), an 80% cost overrun. At the peak of construction 15,000 people were employed with daily expenditure over £3 million. Ten workers, eight of them British, were killed during construction between 1987 and 1993, most in the first few months of boring.

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HEC RAS

To create a river hydraulics application with HEC-RAS,you work with projects. A project is a collection files that are used to build a model.This chapter describes projects and how you build and manage them.

Contents

1. Understanding Projects
2. Elements of a Project
3. Creating,Opening,Saving,Renaming and Deleting Projects
4. Project Options

To read more download "Working with Project in HEC-RAS
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/70199819/Working-with-projects-in-HEC-RAS

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Steady Flow

Performing Steady Flow Analysis in HEC RAS
This post includes the procedure of calculating steady flow water surface profile.
This chapter is divided into two parts.The first part discusses how to enter steady fow data and boundary conditions.The second part discusses how to develop a plan and perform the calculations.

1. Entering and Editing Steady Flow Data
2. Performing Steady Flow Calculations

Entering and Editing Steady Flow Data
Once all of the geometric data are entered,the modeler can then enter any steady flow data that are required.To bring up the steady flow data editor,select Steady Flow Data from Edit menu on the HEC-RAS main window.The steady flow data editor should appear.

Steady Flow Data
The user is required to enter the following information: the number of profiles to be calculated;the peak flow data(at least one flow for every river reach and every profile); and any required boundary conditions.

To read more download this ebook

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Fluid Mechanics

Dimensional Analysis
In engineering the application of fluid mechanics in designs make much of the use of empirical results from a lot of experiments. This data is often difficult to present in a readable form. Even from graphs it may be difficult to interpret. Dimensional analysis provides a strategy for choosing relevant data and how it should be presented.
This is a useful technique in all experimentally based areas of engineering. If it is possible to identify the factors involved in a physical situation, dimensional analysis can form a relationship between them. The resulting expressions may not at first sight appear rigorous but these qualitative results converted to quantitative forms can be used to obtain any unknown factors from experimental analysis.

Dimensions and units
Any physical situation can be described by certain familiar properties e.g. length, velocity, area, volume, acceleration etc. These are all known as dimensions. Of course dimensions are of no use without a magnitude being attached. We must know more than that something has a length. It must also have a standardised unit - such as a meter, a foot, a yard etc.Dimensions are properties which can be measured. Units are the standard elements we use to quantify these dimensions.
In dimensional analysis we are only concerned with the nature of the dimension i.e. its quality not its quantity. The following common abbreviation are used:

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Hydraulics Modeling

A physical model is a scaled representation of a hydraulic flow situation. Both the
boundary conditions (e.g. channel bed, sidewalls), the upstream flow conditions
and the flow field must be scaled in an appropriate manner.
Physical hydraulic models are commonly used during design stages to optimize a
structure and to ensure a safe operation of the structure. They have an important
further role to assist non-engineering people during the `decision-making' process.
A hydraulic model may help the decision-makers to visualize and to picture the
flow field, before selecting a `suitable' design.
In civil engineering applications, a physical hydraulic model is usually a smaller-
size representation of the prototype (i.e. the full-scale structure) (e.g. Fig. 14.2).
Other applications of model studies (e.g. water treatment plant, flotation column)
may require the use of models larger than the prototype. In any case the model is
investigated in a laboratory under controlled conditions.
Hydraulic modeling cannot be disassociated from the basic theory of fluid
mechanics. To be eefficient and useful, experimental investigations require theoretical
guidance which derives primarily from the basic principles (see Chapter 13) and the
theory of similarity (see the next subsection).
In the present section, we will consider the physical modeling of hydraulic flows:
i.e. the use of laboratory models (with controlled flow conditions) to predict the
behavior of prototype flow situations.
In a physical model, the flow conditions are said to be similar to those in the prototype
if the model displays similarity of form (geometric similarity), similarity of motion
(kinematic similarity) and similarity of forces (dynamic similarity)...

To read more download this lecture
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HECRAS地理空间数据导入导出文件

HECRAS推出三维河流网络和跨sections.This几何描述能力，使人们有可能从现实世界进口不转换通道是从CAD或GIS方案的几何坐标站海拔描述为跨sections.Similarly水面高程计算截面的可以出口到CAD和GIS在那里他们可以用于创建映射模型表面的泛滥。
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HEC RAS Import Export File for Geospatial Data

HEC RAS has introduced 3D geometry for the description of river networks and cross sections.This capability makes it possible to import channel geometry of from CAD or GIS programs without conversion from real world coordinates to station elevation descriptions for the cross sections.Similarly water surface elevations calculated at cross sections can be exported to CAD and GIS where they can be used to create models surfaces for inundation mapping.
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Introduction to HECRAS

Hydrologic Ebngineering Center's River Analysis System(HEC-RAS) allows you to perform one dimensional steady and unsteady flow hyrdraulics. Future Versions support sediment transport calculations.HEC RAS supports one dimensional steady and unsteady flow,water surface profile calculations.
HEC RAS is an itegrated system of software,designed for interactive use in a multi tasking multi user network environment.The system is comprised of a graphical user interface,separate hydraulic analysis components,data storage and management capabilities,graphics and reporting facilites..............
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Mechanics of Solids and Strength of Materials solutions to problems

Solid Mechanics Problems solutions


Download Mechanics of Solid Soloution to Problems Solved by Me (Engr.Masaud Akhter)
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Estimation of Water Tank

Quantity Estimation of Water Tank
Click here to Download Water Tank Estimation Spreadsheet

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Costs Estimating

Estimation of Building/Building Quantity and Cost Estimation
Click here to download Building Quantity Estimation

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HEC RAS

HEC RAS
Hydrologic Ebngineering Center's River Analysis System(HEC-RAS) allows you to perform one dimensional steady and unsteady flow hyrdraulics. Future Versions support sediment transport calculations.HEC RAS supports one dimensional steady and unsteady flow,water surface profile calculations.
HEC RAS is an itegrated system of software,designed for interactive use in a multi tasking multi user network environment.The system is comprised of a graphical user interface,separate hydraulic analysis components,data storage and management capabilities,graphics and reporting facilites..............
This Presentation Contains the following chpaters
Getting Started
Entering Cross Section Data
Notes on Cross Section Data
Entering Flow Data
Performing Hydraulic Computations
Low Flow Bridge Modeling
High Flow Bridge Modeling
Adding The Bridge

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